|
areas where pooling is primarily or exclusively
voluntary, it may be more difficult to form units and therefore
more difficult to develop a project if the operator owns less than
100% of the leasehold. In addition, state conservation laws establish
maximum rates of production from natural gas and oil wells, generally
prohibit the venting or flaring of natural gas and impose specified
requirements regarding the ratability of production. The effect
of these regulations may limit the amount of natural gas and oil
we can produce from our wells and may limit the number of wells
or the locations at which we can drill. The regulatory burden on
the natural gas and oil industry increases our costs of doing business
and, consequently, affects our profitability. Because these laws
and regulations are frequently expanded, amended and reinterpreted,
we are unable to predict the future cost or impact of complying
with such regulations.
Regulation of Sales and Transportation of
Natural Gas
Federal legislation and regulatory controls
have historically affected the price of natural gas we produce and
the manner in which our production is transported and marketed.
Under the Natural Gas Act of 1938 ("NGA"), the Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission ("FERC") regulates the interstate transportation and
the sale in interstate commerce for resale of natural gas. Effective
January 1, 1993, the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act (the "Decontrol
Act") deregulated natural gas prices for all "first sales" of natural
gas, including all of our sales of our own production. As a result,
all of our domestically produced natural gas may now be sold at
market prices, subject to the terms of any private contracts that
may be in effect. The FERC's jurisdiction over interstate natural
gas transportation, however, was not affected by the Decontrol Act.
Under the NGA, facilities used in the production
or gathering of natural gas are exempt from the FERC's jurisdiction.
We own certain natural gas pipelines that we believe satisfy the
FERC's criteria for establishing that these are all gathering facilities
not subject to FERC jurisdiction under the NGA. State regulation
of gathering facilities generally includes various safety, environmental,
and in some circumstances, nondiscriminatory take requirements but
does not generally entail rate regulation.
Although we therefore do not own or operate
any pipelines or facilities that are directly regulated by the FERC,
its regulations of third-party pipelines and facilities could indirectly
affect our ability to market our production. Beginning in the 1980s
the FERC initiated a series of major restructuring orders that required
pipelines, among other things, to perform open access transportation,
"unbundle" their sales and transportation functions, and allow shippers
to release their pipeline capacity to other shippers. As a result
of these changes, sellers and buyers of natural gas have gained
direct access to the particular pipeline services they need and
are better able to conduct business with a larger number of counterparties.
We believe these changes generally have improved our access to markets
while, at the same time, substantially increasing competition in
the natural gas marketplace. It remains to be seen, however, what
effect the FERC's other activities will have on access to markets,
the fostering of competition and the cost of doing business. We
cannot predict what new or different regulations the FERC and other
regulatory agencies may adopt, or what effect subsequent regulations
may have on our activities.
In the past, Congress has been very active
in the area of natural gas regulation. However, the more recent
trend has been in favor of deregulation or "lighter handed" regulation
and the promotion of competition in the gas industry. There regularly
are other legislative proposals pending in the federal and state
legislatures which, if enacted, would significantly affect the petroleum
industry. At the present time, it is impossible to predict what
proposals, if any, might actually be enacted by Congress or the
various state legislatures and what effect, if any, such proposals
might have on us. Similarly, and despite the trend toward federal
deregulation of the natural gas industry, whether or to what extent
that trend will continue, or what the ultimate effect will be on
our sales of gas, cannot be predicted.
Oil Price Controls and Transportation Rates
Our sales of oil, condensate and natural gas
liquids are not currently regulated and are made at market prices.
The price we receive from the sale of these products may be affected
by the cost of transporting the products to market. Much of that
transportation is through interstate common carrier pipelines. Effective
as of January 1, 1995, the FERC implemented regulations generally
grandfathering all previously approved interstate transportation
rates and establishing an indexing system for those rates by which
adjustments are made annually based on the rate of inflation, subject
to specified conditions and limitations. These regulations may tend
to increase the cost of transporting natural gas and oil liquids
by interstate pipeline, although the annual adjustments may result
in decreased rates in a given year. These regulations generally
have been approved on judicial review. Every five years, the FERC
must examine the relationship between the annual change in the applicable
index and the actual cost changes experienced in the oil pipeline
industry. The first such review was completed in 2000 and on December
14, 2000, the FERC reaffirmed the current index. Following a successful
court challenge of these orders by an association of oil pipelines,
on February 24, 2003 the FERC increased the index slightly for the
current five-year period, effective July 2001. The next review is
scheduled in July 2005. Another FERC proceeding, that may impact
oil pipeline transportation costs, relates to an ongoing proceeding
to determine whether and to what extent oil
17
|
|