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natural gas transportation, however, was not affected
by the Decontrol Act.
Under the NGA, facilities used in the
production or gathering of natural gas are exempt from the FERC's
jurisdiction. We own certain natural gas pipelines that we believe
satisfy the FERC's criteria for establishing that these are all
gathering facilities not subject to FERC jurisdiction under the
NGA. State regulation of gathering facilities generally includes
various safety, environmental, and in some circumstances, nondiscriminatory
take requirements but does not generally entail rate regulation.
Although we therefore do not own or operate
any pipelines or facilities that are directly regulated by the FERC,
its regulations of third-party pipelines and facilities could indirectly
affect our ability to market our production. Beginning in the 1980s
the FERC initiated a series of major restructuring orders that required
pipelines, among other things, to perform open access transportation,
"unbundle" their sales and transportation functions, and allow shippers
to release their pipeline capacity to other shippers. As a result
of these changes, sellers and buyers of natural gas have gained
direct access to the particular pipeline services they need and
are better able to conduct business with a larger number of counterparties.
We believe these changes generally have improved our access to markets
while, at the same time, substantially increasing competition in
the natural gas marketplace. It remains to be seen, however, what
effect the FERC's other activities will have on access to markets,
the fostering of competition and the cost of doing business. We
cannot predict what new or different regulations the FERC and other
regulatory agencies may adopt, or what effect subsequent regulations
may have on our activities.
In the past, Congress has been very active
in the area of natural gas regulation. However, the more recent
trend has been in favor of deregulation or "lighter handed" regulation
and the promotion of competition in the gas industry. There regularly
are other legislative proposals pending in the federal and state
legislatures which, if enacted, would significantly affect the petroleum
industry. At the present time, it is impossible to predict what
proposals, if any, might actually be enacted by Congress or the
various state legislatures and what effect, if any, such proposals
might have on us. Similarly, and despite the trend toward federal
deregulation of the natural gas industry, whether or to what extent
that trend will continue, or what the ultimate effect will be on
our sales of gas, cannot be predicted.
Oil Price Controls and Transportation Rates
Our sales of oil, condensate and natural
gas liquids are not currently regulated and are made at market prices.
The price we receive from the sale of these products may be affected
by the cost of transporting the products to market. Much of that
transportation is through interstate common carrier pipelines. Effective
as of January 1, 1995, the FERC implemented regulations generally
grandfathering all previously approved interstate transportation
rates and establishing an indexing system for those rates by which
adjustments are made annually based on the rate of inflation, subject
to specified conditions and limitations. These regulations may tend
to increase the cost of transporting natural gas and oil liquids
by interstate pipeline, although the annual adjustments may result
in decreased rates in a given year. These regulations generally
have been approved on judicial review. Every five years, the FERC
must examine the relationship between the annual change in the applicable
index and the actual cost changes experienced in the oil pipeline
industry. The first such review was completed in 2000 and on December
14, 2000, the FERC reaffirmed the current index. Following a successful
court challenge of these orders by an association of oil pipelines,
on February 24, 2003 the FERC increased the index slightly for the
current five-year period, effective July 2001. We are not able at
this time to predict the effects, if any, of these regulations on
the transportation costs associated with oil production from our
oil-producing operations.
Environmental Regulations
Our operations are subject to numerous
federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the discharge
of materials into the environment or otherwise relating to environmental
protection. These laws and regulations may require the acquisition
of a permit before drilling commences, restrict the types, quantities
and concentration of various substances that can be released into
the environment in connection with drilling and production activities,
limit or prohibit drilling activities on specified lands within
wilderness, wetlands and other protected areas, require remedial
measures to mitigate pollution from former operations, such as pit
closure and plugging abandoned wells, and impose substantial liabilities
for pollution resulting from production and drilling operations.
The failure to comply with these laws and regulations may result
in the assessment of administrative, civil and criminal penalties,
imposition of investigatory or remedial obligations or the issuance
of injunctions prohibiting or limiting the extent of our operations.
Public interest in the protection of the environment has increased
dramatically in recent years. The trend of applying more expansive
and stricter environmental legislation and regulations to the natural
gas and oil industry could continue, resulting in increased costs
of doing business and consequently affecting our profitability.
To the extent laws are enacted or other governmental action is taken
that restricts drilling or imposes more stringent and costly waste
handling, disposal and cleanup requirements, our business and prospects
could be adversely affected.
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